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Liberty & Justice: American Ideals Portrayed by Currier & Ives

through July 8, 2007

 

Patriotic images of American history and heroes are on view at the Museum of Fine Arts in Springfield through July 8, 2007, in the special exhibition Liberty & Justice: American Ideals Portrayed by Currier & Ives.

Before the era of photography and mass media, the lithography firm of Currier & Ives -- the "printmakers to the people" -- produced prints that created a visual history for the American public. Liberty & Justice: American Ideals Portrayed by Currier & Ives examines the firm's role in shaping American identity through images that defined the prevailing cultural, social, and political ideology.

Included are pictures of great moments in American history, national heroes such as Presidents Washington and Lincoln, symbols of freedom such as the Liberty Bell and the Statue of Liberty, and other images created to express and foster national pride and patriotism. These quintessentially American images reflected what Americans wanted to believe about themselves and their nation.

The Museum of Fine Arts holds 787 works by Currier & Ives, one of the largest public collections of Currier & Ives lithographs in the country. Selections from the collection are displayed in thematic exhibitions throughout the year in the Lenore B. and Sidney A. Alpert Gallery, the country's only permanent museum gallery devoted to the work of Currier & Ives. The gallery also houses a Currier & Ives resource center with a searchable database of the entire collection and information about 19th-century American art, prints, and social and cultural history.

A virtual version of the exhibition is available on the Springfield Museums' website at www.springfieldmuseums.org.

The exhibition is supported in part by a grant from the Massachusetts Foundation for the Humanities, a state affiliate of the National Endowment for the Humanities.

Selected object labels from the walls of the exhibition galleries

 
Published by Nathaniel Currier and James Ives
American, 1813-1888 and American, 1824-1895
 
After Louis Maurer
American, 1832-1932
Washington's Dream, 1857
Hand-colored lithograph
 
In this portrait of George Washington, Currier & Ives pictured a hero dedicated to attaining American independence from British rule. With his battle plans spread on the table and his sword beside him, Washington is portrayed as a leader fighting for freedom. An army encampment is visible through a door in the background. In his dream, Washington's desire to establish an independent nation is realized by the presence of three allegorical figures dressed in flowing garb. Triumphantly positioned on a globe labeled "America," the figures symbolize (from left to right) prosperity, liberty and justice.
 
Gift of Lenore B. and Sidney A. Alpert, supplemented with Collections Funds
2004.D03.529
 
 
Published by Nathaniel Currier
American, 1813-1888
 
Washington's Reception by the Ladies, on Passing the Bridge at Trenton, N. J. April 1789: On His Way to New York to Be Inaugurated First President of the United States, 1845
Hand-colored lithograph
 
Currier & Ives produced more than one hundred images of George Washington. As the first president of the United States, Washington was distinguished as the father of a new nation and he was respected for his wisdom, honesty and leadership during the Revolution. The pageantry of this image, with its flowing flags and mighty eagle, reflects the European tradition of imperial imagery used in grand history paintings. The notion of Washington as defender and protector of the country is represented by the presence of women and children, who greet the new president as he travels to New York City for his presidential inauguration.
 
Gift of Lenore B. and Sidney A. Alpert, supplemented with Collections Funds
2004.D03.211
 
 
Published by Nathaniel Currier and James Ives
American, 1813-1888 and American, 1824-1895
 
Washington and Lincoln: The Father and the Saviour of Our Country, 1865
Hand-colored lithograph
 
After George Washington fought bravely for an independent nation, the fabric of the United States was threatened by Southern succession and the Civil War. Abraham Lincoln made it clear that the most important role he played in resolving the conflict between the North and South was to save the Union. After the Civil War, Lincoln was celebrated as the nation's savior. In this image, Lincoln joins Washington as one of the great heroes of the United States.
 
Gift of Lenore B. and Sidney A. Alpert, supplemented with Collections Funds
2004.D03.116.
 
 
Published by Nathaniel Currier and James Ives
American, 1813-1888 and American, 1824-1895
 
Assassination of President Lincoln: at Ford's Theatre, Washington, D.C., April 14th, 1865, 1865
Hand-colored lithograph
 
On the evening of April 14, 1865, Abraham Lincoln and his wife Mary Todd Lincoln attended a special performance of the comedy "Our American Cousin" at Ford's Theater. Accompanying them were Major Henry Rathbone and his fiancée Clara Harris. During the third act of the play, at about 10:15 p.m., John Wilkes Booth entered the presidential box and shot Lincoln in the back of the head. The bullet entered through Lincoln's left ear and lodged behind his right eye. He was paralyzed and barely breathing. A doctor in the audience immediately attended to the president in the theater and then moved him to a house across the street. The doctor's best efforts failed, however, and nine hours later, at 7:22 a.m. Lincoln died. Only days after General Lee's surrender at Appomattox which ended the Civil War, Lincoln's death shocked the American public. Currier & Ives, as they often did, satisfied the public's demand for details of the tragedy in prints such as this.
 
Gift of Lenore B. and Sidney A. Alpert, supplemented with Collections Funds
2004.D03.216.
 
 
Published by Nathaniel Currier
American, 1813-1888
 
The Presidents of the United States, 1844
Hand-colored lithograph
 
The founding fathers and American heroes were glorified in prints created by Currier & Ives. Creating more than 600 portraits, pictures of popular personalities constituted one of the largest segments of the firm's business. The most frequently depicted subjects were George Washington and Abraham Lincoln; however, group portraits, such as this one, were also widely collected.
 
Gift of Lenore B. and Sidney A. Alpert, supplemented with Collections Funds
2004.D03.074.
 
 
Published by Nathaniel Currier
American, 1813-1888
 
Destruction of Tea at Boston Harbor, 1846
Hand-colored lithograph
 
On the evening of December 16, 1773, a group of men disguised as Mohawk Indians, who called themselves the "Sons of Liberty," boarded three ships and dumped 342 chests of tea into the Boston Harbor. Of the many important Revolutionary events captured by Currier & Ives in their lithographs, The Destruction of Tea at Boston Harbor is one of the most popular because it represented the spirit of the people united against British authority and in support of the New Republic.
 
Gift of Lenore B. and Sidney A. Alpert, supplemented with Collections Funds
2004.D03.165
 
Published by Nathaniel Currier and James Ives
American, 1813-1888 and American, 1824-1895
 
After John Trumbull
American, 1756-1843
 
The Declaration Committee, 1876
Hand-colored lithograph
 
Currier & Ives published several prints commemorating the Declaration of Independence. While other compositions picture the numerous men who signed the document, this scene portrays the authors, Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Roger Sherman and Robert Livingston. A detailed inscription provides a history of the declaration's origins to its acceptance on July 4, 1776. This print was published in 1876, the centennial of American Independence.
 
Gift of Lenore B. and Sidney A. Alpert, supplemented with Collections Funds
2004.D03.727
 
 
Published by Nathaniel Currier
American, 1813-1888
 
After John Trumbull
American, 1756-1843
 
The Declaration of Independence: July 4, 1776, undated
Hand-colored lithograph
 
Of the many and varied lithographs issued by Currier & Ives that celebrated the fight for and success of American freedom, The Declaration of Independence is one of the most poignant. The image symbolizes the new nation's pledge to fairness and belief that "all men are created equal."
 
Gift of Lenore B. and Sidney A. Alpert, supplemented with Collections Funds
2004.D03.677
 
 
Published by Nathaniel Currier and James Ives
American, 1813-1888 and American, 1824-1895
 
The Tocsin of Liberty: Rung by the State House Bell, (Independence Hall;) Philadelphia, July 4th. 1776, 1876
Hand-colored lithograph
 
"Proclaim liberty throughout all the land unto all the inhabitants thereof - Lev. XXV, v. x. By order of the Assembly of the Province of Pensylvania [sic] for the State House in Philada." -Liberty Bell Inscription
 
The Liberty Bell, housed in the Pennsylvania State House (today called Independence Hall), was chimed to notify the citizens of Philadelphia of public notices and to celebrate important events. On July 8, 1776, the bell was transformed into an international symbol of freedom when it rang out to announce American independence from the British. The bell's sound summoned citizens to hear the first public reading of the Declaration of Independence by Colonel John Nixon.
Gift of Lenore B. and Sidney A. Alpert, supplemented with Collections Funds
2004.D03.092
 
Published by Nathaniel Currier and James Ives
American, 1813-1888 and American, 1824-1895
 
The Union Volunteer, 1861
Hand-colored lithograph
 
"Flagmania," termed by a newspaper, developed after the fall of Fort Sumter in April, 1861. The stars and stripes became a symbol of the Union during the Civil War and Currier & Ives often used the flag in the firm's patriotic prints. In this image a young Union recruit clutches the flag in his right hand and holds up a sword with the other. Below the image is the following verse:
O'er Sumters wall our flag again we'll wave,
And give to traiters all a bloody grave.
Our Union and our laws maintain we must;
And treason's banner trample in the dust.
Gift of Lenore B. and Sidney A. Alpert, supplemented with Collections Funds
2004.D03.084
 
Published by Currier and Ives
American, 1813-1888 and American, 1824-1895
 
The Great Bartholdi Statue. Liberty Enlightening the
World, 1885
Color Lithograph
 
During the 19th century, grand scale public monuments were installed throughout the cities of the United States. The tallest structure in New York City when it was dedicated on October 28, 1886, the Statue of Liberty was created by Frederic Auguste Bartholdi (French, 1834-1904). It was given to the American people by the citizens of France in recognition and celebration of the first centennial of the United States. France, an ally during the American Revolution, admired America for its success in establishing a democratic government, abolishing slavery and for the country's continued pursuit of liberty. Bartholdi, who actively sought commission for the project, wrote that he found the perfect location for the sculpture even before he landed. Writing of his sailing into New York Harbor, he stated:
The picture that is presented to the view when one arrives in New York is marvelous, when, after some days of voyaging, in the pearly radiance of a beautiful morning is revealed the magnificent spectacle of those immense cities [Brooklyn and Manhattan], of those rivers extending as far as the eye can reach, festooned with masts and flags; when one awakes, so to speak, in the midst of that interior sea covered with vessels....it is thrilling. It is, indeed, the New World, which appears in its majestic expanse, with the ardor of its glowing life.
 
Currier & Ives issued twelve editions of the print, including early versions of sketches of the sculpture, various descriptions of the statue and differing views of the New York Harbor.
 
Gift of Lenore B. and Sidney A. Alpert, supplemented with Collections Funds
2004.D03.530
 
 
Published by Nathaniel Currier
American, 1813-1888
 
Washington Crossing the Delaware, undated
Hand-colored lithograph
On night of December 25, 1776, George Washington led his troops across the ice-swollen Delaware about nine miles north of Trenton, New Jersey. The weather was horrendous and the river treacherous. Raging winds combined with snow, sleet and rain produced impossible conditions. To add to the difficulties, many soldiers marched through the snow without shoes. The next morning the troops attacked to the south, taking the Hessian fort by surprise and over-running the town. After fierce fighting, and the loss of their commander, the Hessians surrendered. Washington's victory was complete but his situation precarious. The continued violent weather made a strike towards Princeton problematic. Washington and his commanding officers decided to retrace their steps across the Delaware, taking their Hessian prisoners with them. The news of the American victory spread rapidly through the colonies reinvigorating the failing spirit of the Revolution.
Gift of Lenore B. and Sidney A. Alpert, supplemented with Collections Funds
2004.D03.217
 
.
Published by Nathaniel Currier
American, 1813-1888
 
Washington at Valley Forge, December 1777, undated
Hand-colored lithograph
The unforgettable suffering and endurance associated with Valley Forge in the winter of 1777-1778, is alluded to in this print. "An army of skeletons appeared before our eyes naked, starved, sick and discouraged," wrote New York's Governor Morris of the Continental Congress. Here George Washington stands with his cloak wrapped around his shoulders looking concerned. His right hand is resting on a cannon, as if to remind himself of his purpose, while his troops sit huddled around a fire in the background. George Washington accused Congress of having little feeling for the distressed soldiers and wrote that he felt "superabundantly for them and from my soul pity those miseries which were neither in my power to relieve or prevent."
Gift of Lenore B. and Sidney A. Alpert, supplemented with Collections Funds
2004.D03.178
 
 
Published by Nathaniel Currier
American, 1813-1888
 
Battle at Bunker's Hill, undated
Hand-colored lithograph
The Battle at Bunker's Hill was one of the earliest and bloodiest battles of the American Revolution. The battle's name is a misnomer because the major part of the dispute was fought on Breed's Hill in Charlestown, Massachusetts. The losses were astounding for the British. More than one thousand soldiers died, were wounded or imprisoned. The American army lost approximately 400 men. According to military tradition of the time, the British won because they had possession of the field at the end of the battle. The casualties told a different story, however. This attack was immortalized forever in American history by the famous quote attributed to one of the American commanders of the battle. In order to preserve the American's gunpowder, he ordered the patriots, "Don't fire until you see the whites of their eyes!"
 
Gift of Lenore B. and Sidney A. Alpert, supplemented with Collections Funds
2004.D03.198
 
 
Published by Nathaniel Currier
American, 1813-1888
 
Surrender of Cornwallis at Yorktown, Virginia, 1846
Hand-colored lithograph
 
On October 19, 1781, British General Charles Cornwallis surrendered at Yorktown, Virginia giving up almost 8,000 men and any chance of winning the Revolutionary War. The combined forces of the French and American armies exhausted the British army's supply of food and ammunition. With no hope for escape, Cornwallis surrendered, effectively ending the war. Although Cornwallis is identified in this print, he refused to attend the surrender ceremony out of embarrassment, claiming that he was ill.
 
Gift of Lenore B. and Sidney A. Alpert, supplemented with Collections Funds
2004.D03.295
 
 
Published by Nathaniel Currier
American, 1813-1888
 
The Tomb of Washington, Mount Vernon, Virginia, undated
Hand-colored lithograph
 
Throughout the 19th century American citizens and visitors from abroad continued to visit the tomb of George Washington at Mount Vernon paying homage to the great hero. The original tomb, designed for the basement of the United States Capitol building, was two levels beneath the ornate Capitol rotunda. Its plan included a glass floor which would allow the public to view the tomb of the first American President. This idea was never implemented because Washington was buried at his estate at the request of his widow. Washington's remains originally rested in a small vault constructed for his brother Lawrence. They stayed in that location until April of 1831, when Washington's heirs constructed a new and larger vault. The remains of George and Martha Washington lie in two marble sarcophagi inside the tomb.
 
Gift of Lenore B. and Sidney A. Alpert, supplemented with Collections Funds
2004.D03.261
 
 
Published by Nathaniel Currier
American, 1813-1888
 
National Washington Monument in the City of Washington, D.C., undated
Hand-colored lithograph
Of all the Presidents of the United States, George Washington is the most celebrated. Efforts to honor his legacy began during his lifetime and continue to this day. He has been memorialized through the naming of the Federal capitol, universities, streets, counties, and the state of Washington. He has been remembered in works of art and monumental buildings. But nothing has captured the imagination of people world-wide like the Washington Monument. The marble, granite and sandstone structure was designed by Robert Mills, a prominent American architect in the 1840s. Although the construction began in 1848, it was not completed until 1884 almost 30 years after the architect's death. This hiatus was due to funding issues and the construction was also interrupted by the American Civil War. When completed it was the world's tallest structure until 1889, when the Eiffel Tower was constructed. This Nathanial Currier print shows the obelisk, an Egyptian motif, surrounded by a colonnade that was never actually built. The Washington Monument is still the tallest obelisk in the world.
Gift of Lenore B. and Sidney A. Alpert, supplemented with Collections Funds
2004.D03.331
 
 
Published by Nathaniel Currier and James Ives
American, 1813-1888 and American, 1824-1895
 
Freedom to the Slaves, undated
Hand-colored lithograph
On January 1, 1863, President Abraham Lincoln signed the Emancipation Proclamation ordering that all slaves be freed. Although the results were not immediate, the Proclamation transformed the character of the Civil War by expanding the domain of freedom. African-American men were accepted into the Union Army and Navy, enabling them to fight for their own liberation. By the end of the war, almost 200,000 African-American soldiers and sailors had fought for the Union and in support of their freedom. Almost four million people were freed under the terms of the Proclamation, which is regarded as one of the most important documents in United States history.
 
This print shows an African-American man kissing the hand of President Abraham Lincoln who is standing on broken shackles, symbolic of breaking the chains of slavery. The man's family watches from behind them.
 
Gift of Lenore B. and Sidney A. Alpert, supplemented with Collections Funds
2004.D03.002
 
 
Published by Nathaniel Currier and James Ives
American, 1813-1888 and American, 1824-1895
 
Death of President Lincoln, 1865
Hand-colored lithograph
The dramatic scene of Abraham Lincoln's death was described in detail in the diary of Gideon Wells, Secretary of the Navy under President Lincoln:
"The President had been carried across the street from the theater to the house of a Mr. Peterson. He lay extended on a bed, breathing heavily. Several surgeons were present, who reported that the President might live three hours or more. His slow, full respiration lifted the clothes with each breath that he took. His features were calm and striking. A double guard was stationed at the door and on the sidewalk to repress the crowd, which was of course highly excited and anxious. The room was small and overcrowded. About once an hour Mrs. Lincoln would repair to the bedside of her dying husband and with lamentation and tears remain until overcome by emotion. I remained in the room without sitting or leaving it, when, there being a vacant chair which some one left at the foot of the bed, I occupied it for nearly two hours, listening to the heavy groans and witnessing the wasting life of the good and great man who was expiring before me. The colored people were especially overwhelmed with grief and there more of them at this time, perhaps, than whites. The respiration of the President became suspended at intervals and at last entirely ceased at twenty-two minutes past seven."
Gift of Lenore B. and Sidney A. Alpert, supplemented with Collections Funds
2004.D03.167
 
 
Published by Nathaniel Currier and James Ives
American, 1813-1888 and American, 1824-1895
 
Funeral of President Lincoln, 1865
Hand-colored lithograph
The nation mourned the death of President Lincoln deeply. After lying in state at both the White House and the Capitol, Lincoln's body was transported to the railway station where it began a 1,700-mile journey back to the President's native home is Springfield, Illinois. The nine-car funeral train stopped in 11 cities along the way and over a million citizens paid their respects to the fallen leader. On May 4, 1865, Lincoln was finally laid to rest.
This print shows the many pairs of horses used to draw the funeral coach through the crowded streets. American soldiers occupy the foreground and the faces of mourning citizens can be seen watching the procession from the windows of the buildings in the background.
Gift of Lenore B. and Sidney A. Alpert, supplemented with Collections Funds
2004.D03.015
 
 
Published by Nathaniel Currier and James Ives
American, 1813-1888 and American, 1824-1895
 
The Lincoln Statue, undated
Hand-colored lithograph
The Emancipation Memorial, also known as "Freedom's Memorial" was unveiled in 1876, in Lincoln Park on Capitol Hill. President Ulysses S. Grant, members of Congress and the Supreme Court were all present at the ceremony and Frederick Douglass, a former slave and leader in the abolitionist movement, read the original Emancipation Proclamation.
The memorial was created under the initiative of Charlotte Scott of Virginia. Scott donated the first five dollars of her earnings as a free woman toward the project and encouraged other African-Americans to donate in Lincoln's honor. In the end, the statue was funded entirely by former slaves. Designed by Thomas Ball, it portrays a kneeling man who represents the last man captured under the Fugitive Slave Law. The man, modeled after former slave Archer Alexander, is shown snapping his chains of bondage as Lincoln presents the Emancipation Proclamation.
Gift of Lenore B. and Sidney A. Alpert, supplemented with Collections Funds
2004.D03.245
 
Published by Nathaniel Currier and James Ives
America, 1813-1888 and American, 1824-1895
 
The Star Spangled Banner, undated
Hand-colored lithograph
 
The Star-Spangled Banner, a song written by Francis Scott Key in 1814, was a popular tune during the 19th century, especially at 4th of July celebrations. Though not recognized officially as the national anthem until 1931, Currier & Ives created two different allegorical portraits of freedom using the title of the song as their inspiration. Here, Lady Liberty wears a tiara with a shield bearing the stars and stripes and a veil decorated with stars. She carries the American flag as she strides forward toward liberty. Several phrases from the song emphasize the patriotic nature of the print:
 
O! long may it wave,
O'er the land of the free,
And the home of the brave
 
Gift of Lenore B. and Sidney A. Alpert, supplemented with Collections Funds
2004.D03.576
 
 
Published by Nathaniel Currier and James Ives
America, 1813-1888 and American, 1824-1895
 
Young America, 1876
Hand-colored lithograph
 
Currier & Ives produced a number of patriotic prints to celebrate the centennial of American independence. This small boy, a symbol of the new country, holds a shield with the American eagle and carries a spear. He also wears an Ancient Greek-style helmet, a tribute to the democratic traditions after which the young country modeled itself.
 
Gift of Lenore B. and Sidney A. Alpert, supplemented with Collections Funds
2004.D03.439
 
 
Published by Nathaniel Currier
America, 1813-1888
 
Death of Washington, Dec. 14 A.D. 1799, undated
Hand-colored lithograph
 
Currier & Ives produced more than 100 images of George Washington and produced eight versions of the Death of Washington. This print is one of the most dramatic. A physician leans over the dead President as those Washington protected, including women (represented by his wife), children and his African-American house staff, sadly reflect on his passing. The first president of the United States, Washington was dedicated to establishing an independent nation. His General's hat and sword, symbols of his leadership, hang on the wall. The viewer's eye is drawn to the death bed by the various patterns on the wall, which frame the central scene, as well as the different designs on the floor and bed-covering which increase visual interest.
 
Gift of Lenore B. and Sidney A. Alpert, supplemented with Collections Funds
2004.D03.443
 
 
Published by Nathaniel Currier and James Ives
America, 1813-1888 and American, 1824-1895
 
Go Washington, undated
Hand-colored lithograph
 
As the first president of the United States, George Washington was distinguished as the father of the new nation and greatly respected for his wisdom, honesty and leadership during the Revolution. Currier & Ives created numerous images of Washington's life, creating a visual history that established Washington as one of the nation's earliest heroes. In this bust-length portrait, the young president gazes out with confidence and strength, two important qualities in his role as leader.
 
Gift of Lenore B. and Sidney A. Alpert, supplemented with Collections Funds
2004.D03.566
 
 
Published by Nathaniel Currier and James Ives
America, 1813-1888 and American, 1824-1895
 
Go. Washington, undated
Hand-colored lithograph
 
As the first president of the United States, George Washington was distinguished as the father of the new nation and greatly respected for his wisdom, honesty and leadership during the Revolution. Currier & Ives created numerous images of Washington's life, creating a visual history that established Washington as one of the nation's earliest heroes. In this bust-length portrait, the young president gazes out with confidence and strength, two important qualities in his role as leader.
 
Gift of Lenore B. and Sidney A. Alpert, supplemented with Collections Funds
2004.D03.566
 
 
Published by Nathaniel Currier and James Ives
America, 1813-1888 and American, 1824-1895
 
Abraham Lincoln. The Nations Martyr. Assassinated
April 14th 1865, undated
Hand-colored lithograph
 
Currier & Ives satisfied the public's demand for portraits of the country's leaders by continually producing prints from the life of presidents, generals and other important leaders in the country. President Lincoln was shot by John Wilkes Booth while attending a performance at Ford's Theater and died nine hours later. His death, occurring only days after General Lee's surrender at Appomattox ending the Civil War, shocked the American public. Currier & Ives based this image of the President on a photograph taken on February 9, 1864, in Mathew Brady's Washington studio. The photographer, Anthony Berger, also designed the Lincoln penny.
 
Gift of Lenore B. and Sidney A. Alpert, supplemented with Collections Funds
2004.D03.715
 
 
Published by Nathaniel Currier and James Merritt Ives American, 1813-1888 and American, 1824-1895
 
After Charles R. Parsons
American, 1821-1910
 
City of Washington: Birds-Eye View from the Potomac ­ Looking North, 1880
Colored lithograph
Charles Parsons, who with Lyman Atwater formed Parsons & Atwater, created designs for Currier & Ives over a thirty-year period. Parsons sketched large detailed maps of all the major American cities and found that customers especially liked to view a metropolis from a bird's eye perspective. Currier & Ives frequently issued new editions of the maps as the skylines of the cities changed. Here, the Potomac River is shown in the foreground, the Capital Building stands in the center and the half-built Washington Monument is located in the left center foreground. An 1892 print of the same view shows the Washington Monument completed.
 
Gift of Lenore B. and Sidney A. Alpert, supplemented with Collections Funds
2004.D03.524

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